{"id":57,"date":"2011-06-06T15:59:50","date_gmt":"2011-06-06T15:59:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jobshuk.com\/ulpanf\/2011\/06\/06\/the-english-parts-of-speech-one-way-of-looking-at-them\/"},"modified":"2011-06-06T15:59:50","modified_gmt":"2011-06-06T15:59:50","slug":"the-english-parts-of-speech-one-way-of-looking-at-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jobshuk.com\/ulpanf\/2011\/06\/06\/the-english-parts-of-speech-one-way-of-looking-at-them\/","title":{"rendered":"THE ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH \u2013 ONE WAY OF LOOKING AT THEM"},"content":{"rendered":"

Presented below is a quick, handy, and comprehensive reference guide to the English parts of speech.  <\/span>The guide is addressed to substitute teachers, returning teachers, and part-time tutors, all needing to quickly refresh their knowledge of this subject matter.   <\/span>It’s easy to remember the names of the parts of speech by using the following mnemonic devices: IVAN CAPP<\/i> (interjections, verbs, adjectives, nouns, conjunctions, adverbs, prepositions, and pronouns); and\/or VIC NAPPA<\/i>.  <\/span>Enjoy the guide, and happy teaching! <\/p>\n

NOUNS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>: names of persons, places, things, animals, actions, quality, and ideas\/concepts. <\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>Georges Bizet, San Juan, shoe, lion, departure, endurance, science.<\/p>\n

 <\/span>Noun Classifications\/Forms:<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/span>(1) Proper<\/u> (always begins with a capital letter) – “James Fennimore Cooper wrote The Deerslayer<\/i>.” <\/p>\n

 <\/span>(2) Common<\/u> (not capitalized, unless the beginning word of a sentence) – “The author was J.D. Salinger.”    <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(3) Concrete<\/u> (nouns perceived by the five senses – see, hear, smell, touch, or taste) – “Your new jazz compact disk looks and sounds great.”      <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(4) Abstract<\/u> (nouns not perceived by the five senses, nor measurable) – “His imagination is almost non-existent.” <\/p>\n

 <\/span>(5) Collective<\/u> (a group of things or people) – “Lady Gaga lost her luggage at the airport.” <\/p>\n

 <\/span>(6) Countable<\/u> (nouns that can be either singular or plural in form) – “Silver coins and gold ingots went way up in value.”     <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(7) Non-Countable<\/u> (nouns that cannot be plural in form, no “s” ending) -“All their furniture was made in Taiwan.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(8) Gerunds<\/u> (infinite verbs ending in “ing”, but functioning as nouns) -“ Knitting is her favorite pastime.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(9) Compound<\/u> (a noun made up of two or more words) – “We just remodeled our bedrooms and bathrooms.”<\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/i>PRONOUNS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>:  <\/span>a part of speech that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.  <\/span>The noun being replaced by the pronoun is called the “antecedent”.<\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>its, he, she, you, their, her, him. <\/p>\n

Pronouns Classifications\/<\/i>Forms:<\/p>\n

 <\/span>(1)   <\/span>Subject Personal<\/u> (indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence)-   <\/span>“The culprit was he.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(2)   <\/span>Object Personal<\/u> (indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb or preposition) – “The park ranger gave us two hikers a map of Yosemite National Park.”       <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(3)   <\/span>Possessive <\/u>(show’s possession and\/or ownership, not used with an apostrophe). “The tiger is licking its paws.”<\/p>\n

 <\/span>(4)   <\/span>Indefinite<\/u> (refers to an identifiable, but not a specific person or thing) -”She donated some antiques to charity.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(5)   <\/span>Interrogative<\/u> (a pronoun used to introduce or to ask a question) – “Who wrote the novel Moby Dick?”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(6)   <\/span>Demonstrative<\/u> (pronouns pointing to and identifying a noun or pronoun) – “This cake looks fresh.”    <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(7)   <\/span>Reflexive<\/u> (pronouns ending in “self” or “selves” and performing actions on or for themselves) -“She made a pastrami on rye for herself.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

 (8)   <\/span>Intensive<\/u> (pronouns identical in form (ending in “self) to reflexive pronouns appearing above, but used to emphasize their antecedents) – “She made a pastrami on rye for the Vice-President himself.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

 (9)   <\/span>Relative<\/u> (pronouns introducing a relative clause and referencing an antecedent) – “The swimmer, whom we admired, won a silver medal.” <\/p>\n

 (10)  <\/span>Reciprocal<\/u> (pronouns used when each of two or more subjects are acting\/relating each way to one another) – “Upon landing, the astronauts congratulated one another.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 (11)  <\/span>Negative<\/u> (pronouns indicating the non-existence of people and things, to replace a noun phrase and to make it negative) – “Nobody won the Michigan State lottery.” <\/p>\n

ADJECTIVES<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>:  <\/span>words that describe nouns or pronouns. <\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>purple, several, round, these, Shakespearean, broken, tenth, seven, easiest.  <\/span><\/p>\n

Adjective Classifications\/Forms<\/i>:<\/p>\n

 (1)   <\/span>Descriptive<\/u> (also called an “attributive” adjective, can be classified into two sub types – simple descriptive and compound descriptive). <\/p>\n

 (1a)  <\/span>Simple<\/u> Descriptive<\/u> (single or one word describing a noun) – “A huge tidal wave destroyed the marina.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 (1b)  <\/span>Compound<\/u> Descriptive<\/u> (two adjectives describing the noun) – “Your bluish-green bath tiles look real ritzy.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(2)  <\/span>Determiners<\/u> (precede and modify nouns, used to express information about a noun such as definiteness, proximity, relationship, and quantity, sub-categories include articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, numbers, interrogatives, and possessives).  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(2a)  <\/span>Articles<\/u> (the definite article is “the” and the two indefinite articles are “a” and “an”) -“An American diplomat was arrested in Cairo.”  <\/span>“Please put a pear in the brown bag.”<\/p>\n

 (2b)  <\/span>Quantifiers<\/u> (answers questions how much & how many in general terms) – “Many prisoners escaped.” <\/span><\/p>\n

 (2c)  <\/span>Numbers<\/u> (answers questions how much & how many in specific terms)-“Eighty percent of my class failed physics.” <\/p>\n

 (2d)  <\/span>Demonstrative<\/u> (used to indicate which person or thing is meant) – “Give me all those Cuban cigars!”<\/p>\n

 (2e)  <\/span>Possessive <\/u>(when a possessive pronoun is used to modify the noun following it to show possession, it functions as an adjective)- “That’s her file, but his desk.”<\/p>\n

 (2f)  <\/span>Interrogative<\/u> (another form of possessive pronoun, but asks for more specific identification of a person or thing) – “Whose cell phone is ringing?”<\/p>\n

 (3)   <\/span>Relative<\/u> (a form of possessive pronoun modifying names of persons and things)-“Which tie and jacket are you going to wear tonight?”   <\/span><\/p>\n

 (4)   <\/span>Comparative<\/u> (used to compare the differences between two nouns or a collective noun) – “Nike is more well-known in Canada than Nestles.”<\/p>\n

 (5)   <\/span>Superlative<\/u> (used to state something of the highest or the lowest degree) – “The fastest sport on foot is lacrosse.” <\/p>\n

 (6)    <\/span>Proper<\/u> (an adjective requiring capitalization, normally denoting nationality) – “The ladies prefer Irish coffee.” <\/p>\n

 (7)   <\/span>Eponymous<\/u> (a proper adjective derived from a person’s name) – “I study Euclidean geometry and Boolean algebra.”<\/p>\n

 (8)  <\/span>Appositives<\/u> (multiple adjectives used to emphasize noun\/ pronoun descriptions, by being placed after them and then set off by commas) – “Their son, smart, arrogant, and wealthy, is the city’s mayor.” <\/p>\n

 (9)  <\/span>Participles<\/u> (verbs used as adjectives, formed from a verb’s present or past participle) – “The time-consuming bar examination wreaked havoc on my nerves.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

VERBS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>: a word or phrase expressing an action or a state of being.        <\/span><\/p>\n

Examples: <\/i>write, catch, imagine, hear, learn, drive, was, dive, shoot, multiply, criticize, open.<\/p>\n

Verb Classifications\/Forms:<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1)   <\/span>Main<\/u> (also called a “lexical” verb, expresses the activity, event, or feeling described in the sentence, its two sub-categories are action verbs and linking verbs).   <\/span><\/p>\n

(2)   <\/span>Action<\/u> (also called a “dynamic” verb, specifies action) – “Dell produces and sells the fastest desk top computers in the world.”<\/p>\n

(2a)  <\/span>Transitive<\/u> (an action verb taking a direct object – its three sub-types are mono transitive, di transitive, and complex transitive). “George Gershwin composed The Cuban Overture<\/i>.””<\/p>\n

(2a1) Mono<\/u> Transitive<\/u> (a transitive verb taking only a single direct object) – “Madame Curie discovered radium.”<\/p>\n

(2a2) Di<\/u> Transitive<\/u> (a transitive verb taking a direct and an indirect object) – “Queen Isabella gave Columbus three ships.” <\/p>\n

(2a3)  <\/span>Complex Transitive<\/u> (a transitive verb taking a direct object plus an object complement) – “They chose Otto von Bismarck Chancellor.”<\/p>\n

(2a4)  <\/span>Intransitive<\/u> (an action verb not taking a direct object) – “At midday, seals lie in the sun.”<\/p>\n

(3)     <\/span>Linking<\/u> (also called a “copular” verb, doesn’t express an action, but implies a state of being and includes all forms of the verb “to be”) -“He was and still is a selfish person.”<\/p>\n

(4)     <\/span>Helping<\/u> (also called an “auxiliary” verb, sub-categories are modal & semi-modal, combined with the main verb to create a complete verb) – “You should consider hiring a tutor.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

(4a)   <\/span>Modal<\/u> (a helping verb expressing ability, inclination, or obligation)-“Those teenagers ought to stop smoking.”<\/p>\n

(4b)   <\/span>Semi-Modal<\/u> (a verb partly like a modal and partly like a “lexical” or full verb) – “We used to smoke pot.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

(5)    <\/span>Regular<\/u> (a verb forming its past tense and past participle by adding “d”, “ed”, and  <\/span>sometimes “t” to the base form)- “Marcus Crassus captured and then executed Spartacus.”<\/p>\n

(6)     <\/span>Irregular<\/u> (a verb that doesn’t form its past tense and past participle by adding “d” or “ed”)- “We flew to Orlando.” <\/p>\n

(7)     <\/span>Infinite<\/u> (a verb whose base form is preceded by “to”) – “I’m here to inquire about your job vacancy.” <\/p>\n

(8)     <\/span>Phrasal<\/u> (a verb plus a preposition or adverb that changes the meaning to make a new verb) – “His bill adds up to two hundred shekels.”<\/p>\n

(9)     <\/span>Stative<\/u> (also called a “state” verb, describes a state and feeling, as opposed to an action verb) – “They know about and understand your predicament.”<\/p>\n

ADVERBS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>:  <\/span>a word which describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb, or phrase, usually ending in “ly”, and used to indicate manner, time, place, cause or degree.<\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>frequently, loudly, in order to, nowhere, now, soon, underground, surely. <\/p>\n

Adverb Classifications\/Forms<\/i>: <\/p>\n

(1)  <\/span>Time<\/u> (describes when something happens) -“Phineas T. Bluster recently discovered ants in his pants.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

(2) Place<\/u> (answers the question where) – “John Dillinger was shot inside the mall next to the drugstore.”<\/p>\n

(3) Degree<\/u> (answers questions how much and up to what extent) – “Nebuchadnezzar was extremely wicked.”<\/span><\/span>  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(4) Purpose<\/u> (answers the question why something happens) – “Tiny Tim detoured, in order to avoid the traffic jam.” <\/p>\n

(5) Manner<\/u> (modifies the verb to describe how the action was done) – “Bonnie and Clyde quickly and quietly escaped.” <\/p>\n

(6)  <\/span>Assertive<\/u> (telling the speaker’s belief or disbelief in a statement) – “I’m certain that China rules North Korea.” <\/p>\n

(7) Frequency<\/u> (answers the questions how long, how often) -“Her bank publishes its financial reports daily and monthly.”<\/p>\n

(8) Conjunctive<\/u> (an adverb indicating the relationship in meaning between two independent clauses) – “Our attorney didn’t file an injunction; consequently, he lost our zoning case.” <\/p>\n

(9) Interrogative<\/u> (an adverb used to ask a question) – “How did the ancient Aztecs build their pyramid-shaped temples?”   <\/span><\/p>\n

(10) Comparative<\/u> (an adverb comparing the difference in amount, quality, and\/or degree between two things) – “Usain Bolt runs much faster than his closest competitor.”<\/p>\n

(11) Superlative<\/u> (an adverb expressing something of the highest or lowest degree) – Usain Bolt ran the fastest mile.”<\/p>\n

CONJUNCTIONS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use:<\/i>  <\/span>a part of speech (sometimes called a “function word”) used to connect words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence.  <\/span><\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>but, for, not only, since, although, yet, so.  <\/span><\/p>\n

Conjunction Classifications\/Forms:<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1)  <\/span>Coordinating<\/u> <\/i>(connects two or more independent clauses, the mnemonic device used is FANBOYS<\/i> – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so) – “Sherlock Holmes loved tea, but he hated crumpets.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

(2)  <\/span>Subordinating<\/u> (joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause) – “Although Joe Louis was a famous heavyweight boxer, he loathed violence.”   <\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Correlative<\/u> (also called a “paired” conjunction, and always used in pairs to link equivalent sentence elements) – “Rasputin was neither rich nor poor.” <\/p>\n

PREPOSITIONS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use:  <\/span>a word used before (pre-positioned) a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word, and indicating location, direction, manner, movement, and time. <\/p>\n

Examples: at, in, by, across, after, against, underneath, between, beyond, on, through, with. <\/p>\n

Preposition Classifications\/Forms:<\/p>\n

(1) Time<\/u> (indicating time)-“The community pool is closed until further notice.”<\/p>\n

(2) Location<\/u> (indicates location) – “We took the subway under the Oakland Bay Bridge.”     <\/span><\/p>\n

(3) Manner<\/u> (indicates manner) – “He walks like Charlie Chaplin.”<\/p>\n

 <\/span>(4) Direction<\/u> (indicates direction) – “The track team jogged along the banks of the Susquehanna River.”  <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span>(5) Movement<\/u> (indicates movement) – “Boeing’s computer staff moved across the street.”<\/p>\n

INTERJECTIONS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Definition\/Use<\/i>: a part of speech, capable of standing alone, used to express surprise, emotion, exclamation, or attitude, followed by an exclamation point or a comma.  <\/span><\/p>\n

Examples<\/i>:  <\/span>Ah,  <\/span>Huh,  <\/span>Phooey,  <\/span>Oh,  <\/span>Yea,  <\/span>Bah,  <\/span>Whew,  <\/span>Wow,  <\/span>Alas,  <\/span>Gee,  <\/span>Golly.<\/p>\n

Interjection Classifications\/Forms<\/i>:<\/p>\n

(1) Strong<\/u> (also referred to as “forceful” interjections, set off by exclamation points) – “Ouch!  <\/span>That hurts!”<\/p>\n

(2) Weak<\/u> (also referred to as “mild” interjections, set off by commas, not by exclamation points) – “Gosh, I’m sorry!”<\/p>\n

<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CONCLUSIONS<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n

English vocabulary words can be very versatile.  <\/span>For example, the word “oil” can be used in noun, verb, adjective, and adverb forms.   <\/span>“Oil has caused many world conflicts.”  <\/span>“Mario Andretti oiled his racing car.” “Warren Buffett bought more oil stock.”  <\/span>“The iguana’s belly felt oily.”  <\/span>Advantages of learning the parts of speech are gaining a better understanding of their grammatical interrelationships, strengthening teaching self-confidence in the actual classroom setting, and improving writing skills.  <\/span><\/p>\n

Because of the absence of a central authority regulating English use or grammar, there is no one correct way to sub-categorize the parts of speech.  <\/span>Additionally, there are other long-standing grammatical disagreements still remaining to be resolved.  <\/span>A few noteworthy examples are correct comma usage, and whether determiners should be unbundled from adjectives and made an independent speech part heading.  <\/span>And interestingly, an internet website indicated that some academicians had defrocked the pronoun, by eliminating it as an independent speech part and sub-categorizing it under the noun.  <\/span>Moreover, in its description of the English parts of speech, another educational website omitted any reference whatsoever to the interjection.  <\/span>Are there anymore sacred cows out there in “speech part land” awaiting full or near extinction at the “altar?”  <\/span>If so, will a universally accepted English language authority triumphantly appear and come to their rescue?  <\/span>Place your bets!<\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Presented below is a quick, handy, and comprehensive reference guide to the English parts of speech.  The guide is addressed to substitute teachers, returning teachers, and part-time tutors, all needing to quickly refresh their knowledge of this subject matter.   It’s easy to remember the names of the parts of speech by using the following mnemonic … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “THE ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH \u2013 ONE WAY OF LOOKING AT THEM”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"author":341,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"class_list":["post-57","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-english","tag-parts","tag-speech","tag-substitute","tag-teachers","tag-tutors","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nTHE ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH \u2013 ONE WAY OF LOOKING AT THEM - My Site by Allan Hirshey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jobshuk.com\/ulpanf\/2011\/06\/06\/the-english-parts-of-speech-one-way-of-looking-at-them\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"THE ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH \u2013 ONE WAY OF LOOKING AT THEM - 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